Rhizopus

          

 
Frequently found in house dust, soil, fruits, nuts, and seeds, rhizopus often grows in fruit and vegetable garbage, or in forgotten leftover food. Exposure to large numbers of rhizopus spores has reportedly caused respiratory complications. Rhizopus can be an allergen and opportunistic pathogen for immunocompromised individuals, especially those with diabetic ketoacidosis, malnutrition, severe burns, or in some cases, the common cold.

May cause mucorosis in immune compromised individuals. The sites of infection are the lung, nasal sinus passages, brain, eyes, and skin.  Infection may have multiple sites. This mold produces mycotoxins, which can be inhaled and ingested.  Occupies a biological niche similar to Mucor  allergen/toxin.  The Zygomycetous fungus is reported to be allergenic/toxigen, as well.  As with all toxigenic molds, this fungus can alter DNA and cause permanent neurological, psychological, pathological, and immunological damage.

The genus Rhizopus is characterized by the presence of stolons and pigmented rhizoids, the formation of sporangiophores singly or in groups from nodes directly above the rhizoids, and apophysate, columellate, multi-spored, generally globose sporangia. After spore release the apophyses and columella often collapse to form an umbrella-like structure. Sporangiospores are globose to ovoid, one-celled, hyaline to brown and striate in many species. Colonies are fast growing and cover an agar surface with a dense cottony growth that is at first white becoming grey or yellowish brown with sporulation.
 

Rhizopus oryzae (=R. arrhizus) is the most common causative agent of zygomycosis, accounting for some 60% of the reported culture positive cases, and nearly 90% of the rhinocerebral forms of infection. R. oryzae has a world-wide distribution with a high prevalence in tropical and subtropical regions. It has been isolated from many substrates, including a wide variety of soils, decaying vegetation, foodstuffs, and animal and bird dung. R. oryzae is often used in the production of fermented foods and alcoholic beverages in Indonesia, China and Japan. However, it also produces the ergot alkaloid agroclavine which is toxic to humans and animals.

R. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis is the second most frequently isolated zygomycete, accounting for between 10-15% of reported human cases, especially from cutaneous and gastrointestinal infections.

 

         

Cases of mucormycosis from rhizopus infection.  This so-called non invasive mold has disfigured many individuals, who had seemingly effective immune systems.

For symptoms, treatment, and medical articles, see

www.mold-survivor.com

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Additional Reading

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