Bipolaris

"Helminthosporium, Drechslera"

      

Introduction

A widespread fungus that is most frequently associated with grasses, plant material, decaying food, and soil.  It is commonly found on celery and rooted vegetables.  Celery should be fresh and washed with GSE (Grapefruit seed extract) to kill fungi before consumption, especially for people who have already been exposed to toxigenic molds. 

A very generic morphological description used for various brown molds (mainly on tape-lifts) that cannot be identified because of undistinguishable spores\structures or because of too much environmental damage to the mold structures. This identification generally excludes many of the common toxic and more infectious molds found indoors, but on some occasions when the mold is very weathered or damaged, this category could potentially include mold from Alternaria, Epicoccum or others.

The genus Bipolaris contains several species. Among these, three well-known pathogenic species are Bipolaris spicifera, Bipolaris australiensis, and Bipolaris hawaiiensis.  The genus Bipolaris contains about 45 species which are mostly subtropical and tropical plant parasites. However, several species notably B. australiensis, B. hawaiiensis and B. spicifera, are well documented human pathogens. Clinical manifestations include mycotic keratitis, subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, sinusitis, peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and cerebral and disseminated infections.

Bipolaris colonies grow rapidly, reaching a diameter of 3 to 9 cm following incubation at 25°C for 7 days on potato dextrose agar. The colony becomes mature within 5 days. The texture is velvety to woolly. The surface of the colony is initially white to grayish brown and becomes olive green to black with a raised grayish periphery as it matures. The reverse is also darkly pigmented and olive to black in color.

NOTE: Mutated forms of fungi are harder to destroy.

Toxin production

This has been known to cause asthma and other respiratory problems. It is an allergen and a toxin.  Various species of this fungus can produce the mycotoxin - sterigmatocystin which has been shown to produce liver and kidney damage when ingested by laboratory animals.  This can also alter human DNA. This fungus produces large spores which would be expected to be deposited in the upper respiratory tract.  The spores can be dangerous to human health.

Bipolaris is one of the causative agents of phaeohyphomycosis. The clinical spectrum is diverse, including allergic and chronic invasive sinusitis, keratitis, endophthalmitis, endocarditis, endarteritis, osteomyelitis, meningoencephalitis, peritonitis, otitis media (in agricultural field workers), and fungemia as well as cutaneous and pulmonary infections and allergic bronchopulmonary disease. Contrary to what was once believed, bipolaris can infect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised host, varying much by the circumstances.

As well as being isolated as saprophytes on plants, Bipolaris may be pathogenic to certain plant species, particularly to Graminiae and also to animals, such as the dog. It may cause nasal mycotic granuloma in the cattle. Bipolaris may also be isolated as a laboratory contaminant.

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Further Reading

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